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Dynamics of dissolved major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River

dc.creatorAbrahan Rafael Mora Polanco
dc.creatorJurgen Mahlknecht
dc.date2017
dc.date.accessioned2018-10-18T22:08:17Z
dc.date.available2018-10-18T22:08:17Z
dc.identifier.issn8856087
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/hyp.11051
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11285/630543
dc.descriptionThis study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high-water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low-water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non-conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn-oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays. © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd
dc.relationhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006056999&doi=10.1002%2fhyp.11051&partnerID=40&md5=95e7350470ce85720cf0abc4fee92124
dc.relationInvestigadores
dc.relationEstudiantes
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
dc.sourceHydrological Processes
dc.subjectAluminum
dc.subjectBiochemical oxygen demand
dc.subjectBiological materials
dc.subjectCalcium
dc.subjectCarbon
dc.subjectDissolution
dc.subjectIron compounds
dc.subjectMagnesium
dc.subjectManganese
dc.subjectMixing
dc.subjectOrganic carbon
dc.subjectOrganometallics
dc.subjectProcess control
dc.subjectRivers
dc.subjectSilicon
dc.subjectSodium
dc.subjectSuspended sediments
dc.subjectTrace elements
dc.subjectWater resources
dc.subjectZinc
dc.subjectDissolved organic carbon
dc.subjectElement concentrations
dc.subjectMajor and trace elements
dc.subjectMajor elements
dc.subjectMixing zones
dc.subjectOrgano-metallic complexes
dc.subjectPreferential adsorption
dc.subjectTotal suspended sediments
dc.subjectDissolved oxygen
dc.subjectconcentration (composition)
dc.subjectconfluence
dc.subjectdissolved organic carbon
dc.subjectmixing
dc.subjectredox conditions
dc.subjectriver water
dc.subjecttrace element
dc.subjectwater chemistry
dc.subjectApure River
dc.subjectOrinoco River
dc.subjectVenezuela
dc.subjectBacillariophyta
dc.subject.classification7 INGENIERÍA Y TECNOLOGÍA
dc.titleDynamics of dissolved major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River
dc.typeArtículo
dc.identifier.volume31
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.startpage597
dc.identifier.endpage611
refterms.dateFOA2018-10-18T22:08:17Z


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