Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551014
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de los Doctorados correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Optimization and sustained release of green lentil polyphenols through instant controlled pressure drop and encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles(2024-12-03) Tienda Vázquez, Mario Adrián; Almanza Arjona, Yara C.; emimmayorquin; Cardador Martínez, Anabertha; Quintus Scheckhuber, Christian; Téllez Pérez, Carmen; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Lozano García, OmarThroughout history, legumes have been part of human consumption for their nutritional content and because is an easy crop to cultivate, it can grow in both cold and warm climates. One type of legumes are lentils, consumed worldwide. In Mexico, lentils are consumed by 70% of Mexican adults. Among the lentil varieties, green lentils stand out for having the highest polyphenol content, which makes them an excellent candidate for human consumption. However, the traditional way of cooking lentils requires prolonged times in boiling water. This causes a significant loss of the number of polyphenols present in lentils. Polyphenols have the ability to reduce the prevalence of suffering from chronic degenerative diseases, because they have antioxidants and anti-inflammatories properties. However, the chemical stability of polyphenols is compromised by different factors like the chemical structure, temperature, pH, isomerizations, enzymes, degradation, and oxidation, among others. This study subjected the green lentils to instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) and measured the polyphenol amount, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity 1,1 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC and DPPH), with 13 different treatments by varying pressure and time. The results showed that the polyphenols were the only parameter affected by DIC and the best conditions were less than 160 s and less than 0.1 MPa, and the best treatment was the DIC treatment 11, with 0.1 MPa for 135 s. Surprisingly, apparently new polyphenols appeared in the treated lentils due to the physical stress secondary to DIC, and in consequence the biosynthesis of polyphenols. After DIC, the best green lentil treatment was selected (DIC 11). The polyphenolic extract was obtained and nano encapsulated in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) using five different extract volumes (100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 𝜇L). The nanoparticles were spherical in shape, with negative zeta potential charge (~ 20 mV), and all the syntheses produced particles, with average sizes ranging between 300 to 1100 nm. The polyphenol released was evaluated in PBS at pH 5.5 and 7.4. The release followed a triphasic controlled release, a lag phase of 24 h, a burst and diffusion phase from 24 h to 372 h, up to 15 days, and finally the saturation phase. The combination of the DIC technology as a pretreatment for green lentils and the nanoencapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles, improved the extraction and preserved the polyphenols profile of green lentils, on the other hand, nanoencapsulation protected the polyphenols and reached a controlled polyphenol release for up to 15 days.
- Exact and heuristic approaches for solving coverage and agricultural problems(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) Vicencio Medina, Salvador de Jesús; Ríos Solís, Yasmín Águeda; emimmayorquin; Cárdenas Barrón, Leopoldo Ediro; School of Engineering and Sciences; Cid García, NéstorIn this dissertation, two problems have been studied. The first problem, the maximal covering location problem with accessibility indicators and mobile units, belongs to the humanitarian logistic area. The second problem, the orthogonal site-specific management zone, belongs to the precision agriculture area. Both issues have been addressed through Operation Research techniques, which have a general purpose and can be used for various problems. The objective of the maximal covering location problem with accessibility indicators and mobile units is to allocate the COVID-19 tests to hospitals in Mexico to maximize the coverage, the number of opportunities, the service network, and other accessibility measures. To solve the maximal covering location problem with accessibility indicators and mobile units, a mathematical model that incorporates different accessibility measures and mobile units has been proposed. The mathematical model can solve small and medium instances in a short computational time. A matheursitic that combines an Estimation of Distribution Algorithm with a version parameterized of the proposed model has also been developed to solve medium and large instances. The computational results show that incorporating the mobile units with the accessibility measures considered has a significant improvement compared with the literature approaches. The orthogonal site-specific management zone problem aims to determine the minimum number of site-specific management zones that fulfill a homogeneity level measured through the relative variance. The zones must also be orthogonal since these shapes make it practical to delineate them for traditional agricultural machinery. An approximate and exact approach has been proposed to solve the orthogonal site-specific management zone problem.The approximate approach consists of a metaheuristic known as the Estimation of Distribution Algorithm. It uses a special decoder based on disjoint sets and a new reactive fitness function to provide high-quality solutions in short computational times. The results improve the solutions’ quality and computational times presented in the literature. Additionally, a new data set of instances has been proposed due to the results and times obtained with this approach. Using this new data set, the algorithm proposed continues to be fast and obtain quality solutions. Two mathematical programming formulations and one constraint programming formula-tion have been proposed for the exact approach. The mathematical programming formulations yield three cutting-plane algorithms. The formulations proposed obtain high-quality solutions for small and medium instances in short computational times. Besides, the formulations mentioned consider orthogonal management zones and the relative variance as constraints. To our knowledge, only heuristic methods have addressed this problem. Thus, the formulations presented in this work are the first in the literature to solve the orthogonal site-specific manage-ment zone problem. The computational results show that the formulations proposed obtain optimality for small and medium instances. Besides, these results make it possible to compare and validate the results obtained through the heuristics methods present in the literature.
- Development of a candidate bacteriophage M13-based vaccine against Rhipicephalus microplus (cattle tick)(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-09) González Mora, Alejandro; GONZALEZ MORA, ALEJANDRO; 708102; Benavides Lozano, Jorge Alejandro; emijzarate, emipsanchez; Carrión Chavarría, Belinda del Carmen; Martínez Torre, Ana Carolina; Hernández Pérez, Jesús; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Rito Palomares, Marco AntonioCattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) related diseases represent as a severe problem in cattle industry worldwide. This ectoparasite has caused huge economic losses in Mexico and around the world, which has been estimated in billions of dollars annually. Currently, the chemical acaricides represents the most widely used control method. However, several problems such as resistance to these drugs and contamination have been associated to this strategy. For such reasons, new approaches have been proposed to control tick infestations. Undoubtedly, the development of a vaccine is the most important of these strategies. Phage-based vaccines represent a fast and low-cost tool for antigen delivery. In this regard, the objective of the present work was to develop a candidate phage-based vaccine displaying a cattle tick antigen (Bm86-derived Sbm7462 antigen) on the surface of bacteriophage M13. Phage ELISA and dot blotting analysis confirmed the display of the antigen. A 2.73-fold increase in antigen expression was found compared to control (blank). Sbm7462 antigen was expressed in 0.5 µg of protein per 1 × 1011 PFU. Vaccine immunogenicity was evaluated using a bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cell-based ex vivo assay and a murine in vivo assay. The ex vivo model showed the maturation of dendritic cells after being pulsed with the phage-based vaccine (1.5-fold increase in CD80 and 1.6-fold in MHC-II when compared to unstimulated cells). The humoral response was confirmed in the in vivo assay. These results demonstrated the capacity of the phage-based vaccine to induce both humoral and cellular immune-specific responses. Importantly, this is the first report describing a control method for cattle ticks using a candidate phage-based vaccine. Further studies to evaluate the immunogenicity in a bovine model are needed. Thus, our candidate phage-based vaccine is a promising alternative for the control of cattle ticks.
- Study of secondary metabolites, microRNAs, and antidiabetic properties from the medicinal plant Murraya koenigii(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-05-31) Gutiérrez García, Claudia; GUTIERREZ GARCIA, CLAUDIA; 460587; Sharma, Ashutosh; emipsanchez; Paul, Sujay; Molina Aguilar, Christian; Díaz Muñoz, Mauricio; Paola Isabel, Angulo Bejarano; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyMurraya koenigii is a medicinal plant that grows in Asia and is distributed throughout India; however, it can also grow in Mexico. This plant is one of the few species that produce carbazole alkaloids which are therapeutic compounds with great commercial value. Traditionally, this plant is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and diabetes, among other ailments. The plant's pharmacological properties are mainly attributed to its secondary metabolites, whose production depends mostly on its grown environmental conditions. Currently, only a few compounds have been identified; nevertheless, there is a lack of a secondary metabolites profile of the grown-in-Mexico M. koenigii. Additionally, the production of these compounds can be regulated post-transcriptionally by small non-coding RNA molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs). However, in the literature, there is no information available about its miRNA profile nor its implications in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Additionally, diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 10 % of the world population and there is an urgent need for alternative treatments such as medicinal plants. Therefore, this project aimed to annotate the secondary metabolites profile of grown-in-Mexico M. koenigii and to reveal the microRNAs involved in their synthesis as well as to evaluate its in vivo antidiabetic potential. In the present study, 268 new compounds were tentatively identified from the methanolic extract of the leaves of grown-in-Mexico M. koenigii. Moreover, 142 conserved and 7 novel miRNAs were found, along with their target enzyme genes implicated in the terpenoid backbone and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Also, this research project revealed that there was no significant decrease in blood glucose in M. koenigii-treated diabetic groups compared to the control group, but there was a decreasing tendency. Finally, miRNAs knowledge could improve the genetic engineering research to produce pharmaceutic and commercial secondary metabolites from M. koenigii, and further studies are suggested to continue investigating and validating its phytochemical content and its pharmacological properties.
- Effects of Ecklonia arborea and Silvetia compressa intake in lipidemic metabolism, hepatic steatosis and dynamics of the intestinal microbiota using Wistar rats(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-08-01) Acevedo Pacheco, Laura; ACEVEDO PACHECO, LAURA; 333370; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; emijzarate/puemcuervo; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; Hernández Hernández, José Ascención; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Cruz Suárez, Lucía ElizabethUp to now, it has been reported that Phaeophytes: Ecklonia arborea anda Silvetia compressa contain considerable amounts of fiber, and inhibitory capacity of a-amylase and a-glucosidase, sterols and fatty acids and antioxidants. Due to all these compounds and characteristics, these marine algae could be use to disminish lipids in blood as well as a to promote the intestinal microbiota growth. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of 2.5% of E. arborea and S. compressa intake not only in serum lipids but also in histopathological parameters of livers in Wistar rats, under hyperlipidic diets. Moreovere, this research could also aim to study the prebiotic effect of these marine algae. Then, with all the information gathered, current research would afford to denote whether E. arborea and S. compressa could be used as a nutritional algal-based supplement to treat hypercholesterolemia without affecting physiologic activities in the organism.
- Functional mining of snake venom metalloproteinases for the development of chronic wound therapeutics(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-10) Meléndez Martínez, David Leonardo; MELENDEZ MARTINEZ, DAVID LEONARDO; 548216; Licona Cassani, Cuauhtémoc; emijzarate, emipsanchez; Mayolo Deloisa, Karla; Borja Jiménez, Juan Miguel; Plisson, Fabien; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Aguilar Yáñez, José ManuelChronic wounds such as skin burns, diabetic and varicose ulcers are a health problem in Mexico, generating the loss of millions of dollars in annual expenses. From the currently available treatments in the market, active wound treatments are the best cost-benefit option to treat this pathology and its market is in a rapid growth. Nowadays, several proteinases such as papain, bromelain or bacterial collagenases have been employed to enhance the wound healing process. Nevertheless, the use of these proteinases demonstrated poor results in patients. For this reason, other proteinase sources with more similarity to matrix metalloproteinases, plasmin and thrombin have been explored. Thus, this dissertation presents a characterization of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs) from the Mexican rattlesnakes Crotalus atrox, C. molossus nigrescens, C. ornatus and C. scutulatus scutulatus; including the development of an aqueous two phase systems (ATPS) method for the selective recovery of SVMPs and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from rattlesnake venom. More importantly, the generation of a phylogenetic-based tool that can be used to discriminate among hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic SVMPs. The results demonstrated that the SVMPs and SVSPs contained in the Mexican rattlesnakes are capable to degrade collagen derivatives (gelatin), fibrin, fibrinogen and generate fibrin clots. Three ATPS were capable to selectively recover: 1) PLA2 (PEG 400 g mol-1, VR 1, TLL 25%, and pH 7.0), 2) P-III SVMPs (PEG 400 g mol-1, VR 1, TLL 15%, pH 7.0, and NaCl 1%) and 3) SVMPs (PEG 400 g mol-1, VR 1, TLL 25, and pH 8.5). Lastly, specificity loop flexibility is involved in the hemorrhagic activity of the SVMPs. Using this data to trim the SVMP sequences in the phylogeny-based analysis, a hemorrhagic phenotype clustering was observed. Together, all these results contribute to improve in the venom inspired drug discovery, demonstrating that the rattlesnake venom toxins, particularly the SVMPs have the potential as an active wound treatment for chronic wounds.
- Genetic and biochemical analysis of the microalgae desmodesmus abundans After 13 years under high-CO2 for flue gas mitigation in a two-stage continuous photobioreactor system(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-12-06) Mora Godínez, Shirley María; MORA GODINEZ, SHIRLEY MARIA; 827922; Pacheco Moscoa, Adriana; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; Rodríguez López, Carlos E.; Treviño Alvarado, Víctor; Rojas Jiméne, Keilor; Diaz de la Garza, Rocío I.; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Senés Guerrero, CarolinaMicroalgae present high potential for greenhouse gases mitigation and value-added biomass production. In this project, the main objective was to characterize genetic and biochemical changes of high CO2 (strain HCA, 50% v/v CO2/air) and low CO2 (strain LCA, atmospheric, 0.04% v/v CO2/air) acclimated strains of Desmodesmus abundans RSM to elucidate adaptation mechanisms to high CO2. Also, a two-stage continuous photobioreactor system for cement flue gas mitigation was designed and optimized; and microalgal biomass was characterized to optimize CO2 capture and propose high-value byproducts of the system. Additionally, strains potential for biological synthesis of silver nanoparticle was evaluated. These objectives were divided into five studies. In the first study, the genome of D. abundans RSM with an estimated size of 83.61 Mbp was generated. A total of 14 251 genes were predicted, and 58.68 % of these were annotated. Also, carbon fixation pathways were characterized in which ninety-six sequences codifying for twenty-two enzymes were found. Orthologous gene analysis showed 5 414 gene families conserved among D. abundans RSM, Scenedesmus sp. NREL 46B-D3 and species from the Selenastraceae family (M. neglectum and R. subcapitata). Genomic comparison between the strain maintained in our laboratory and the same strain deposited in UTEX Culture Collection of Algae resulted in 902 723 genetic variants which were mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, and genomes presented 44.36 % of collinear genes. These results evidence genomic changes in microalgae as consequence of adaptation to laboratory conditions; but also conserved gene families between close species in the same taxonomic order (Sphaeropleales). In the second study, the genome of D. abundans after thirteen years of acclimation to high CO2 (strain HCA) was characterized and compared to the strain LCA. Also, both strains were grown under high CO2 acclimation strategy of six months and, growth and genetic variants were characterized. Assembled genome of strain HCA resulted in an estimated size of 81.20 Mbp, in which 10 535 genes were predicted. Evolution of the strain HCA was characterized by some differentially annotated GO terms to LCA, and in phylogenomic tree that located this strain in a different distance than strain LCA based on 514 single-copy orthologous gene families. Also, it was found only 15.65 % of collinearity between strain genomes and a low number of reads (35.70%) from strain HCA that mapped in LCA genome. Evaluation of high CO2 acclimation strategy for six months showed that strain LCA reached similar growth than strain HCA by the end of the experimental period. Microalgae adaptation to high CO2 involved higher accumulation of genetic variants (130 082) than under air (107 163), resulting in estimated mutation rates of 3.17x10-5 and 2.85x10-5 per base per generation, respectively. Strain HCA under air presented higher difficulties to adapt to this condition and accumulated 119 334 variants in air and 82 360 in CO2 with mutation rates of 3.56x10-5 and 2.25x10-5 per base per generation. High CO2 acclimation strategy of six months represents a simple and rapid way to generate higher CO2 tolerant strains. In the third study, strains LCA and HCA were grown in different N-concentrations under a continuous flow of high CO2. Growth, biomass composition and gene expression of N-transporters and biosynthesis of starch and triacylglycerol were characterized. Maximum cell concentration increased for strain HCA at higher N, but not for LCA. Also, only strain LCA showed an adaptation phase of 24 h for all conditions, and higher N intake rates were determined in HCA. Biomass productivities were not significant different among N concentrations and strains, ranging 0.097-0.134 g d.w. L-1 d-1. Similar biomass productivities evidence microalgae carbon allocation into different metabolites and therefore similar CO2 capture efficiencies. In both strains, under the lowest N (6 mg L-1) starch accumulated up to 12.7-14.52 % d.w., which in high N (50-250 mg L-1) was 5.1-7.1 % d.w. Contrary, protein decreased as N decreased in the medium from 43.3-54.8 % d.w to around 14 % d.w. While accumulation of neutral lipids occurred only in strain LCA for all N conditions. In conclusion, after thirteen years under low and high CO2 acclimation, strains present differential response to N concentration under high CO2. Growth and composition in strain LCA were affected by N and high CO2, while HCA only by N availability. This was also evident in gene regulation, where HCA presented a faster response to growth condition than LCA. A fourth study with strain HCA, evaluated the growth and nutrient utilization (CO2, NOx and SOx) of this strain under a model cement flue gas (MFG; 25% CO2, 700 ppm NO, and 100 ppm SO2) using a limited N and without S medium (BG11-0.2N-S) and complete medium (BG11) in an optimized two-stage continuous photobioreactor system (TSCB). Also, biomass composition (starch, protein, pigments and lipids) and productivities; as well as fatty acid profile were characterized. Microalga tolerated and used flue gas as nutrient source when using the TSCB system, and pH was successfully controlled through system stages by adding 150 mg L-1 d-1 of cement kiln dust (CKD). Biomass productivities was around 1.2 g L-1 d-1 for both culture medium. When using BG11-0.2N-S medium 26% lower protein than in complete BG11 were obtained, with productivities of 0.46 ± 0.05 and 0.63 ± 0.05 g L-1 d-1, respectively. Contrary, starch and lipid were higher in low N medium. Pigment concentrations were 1.3 to1.4-fold higher in complete medium. Fatty acid profile showed higher content of PUFA in free fatty acid fraction under limited N, and in di and mono- glycerides under repleted N condition. Biomass and metabolite productivities were improved by using the TSCB system compared to batch cultivation strategies. Target metabolite accumulation was induced by using different N concentrations, where limited N in the second stage allocate carbon into starch and lipids, while medium with extra N into protein and pigments. In the last study, the potential of D. abundans strain LCA and HCA was evaluated as a suitable platform for silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis. The effect of biological components, namely, cell pellet, supernatant, and both components, were compared to the culture collection strain Spirulina platensis at different pH values. All biological components of strain HCA at pH 11 showed potential for nanoparticle synthesis. AgNPs (14.9 ± 6.4 nm diameter) with the lowest charge (-32.7 ± 5.3 mV) were observed using the cell pellet and, preserving the supernatant, resulted in synthesis of AgNPs in all pH solutions. In contrast, no nanoparticles were observed with components of strain LCA, except for the cell pellet at pH 11 (127.8 ± 14.8 nm, -26.7 ± 2.4 mV). The reducing power in strain HCA might be attributed to functional groups from proteins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids; and, in the supernatant, to amino acids, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Finally, AgNPs of the three microalgae strains exhibited similar antimicrobial properties against E. coli in the agar diffusion test. It is suggested that the high CO2 atmosphere potentiates biological components in D. abundans strain HCA, which might benefit their use in nanotechnology and represent an exciting byproduct from CO2 mitigation systems.
- Effect of osmotic conditions and germination time on the content and profile of glucosinolates, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in kale, and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-15) Ortega Hernández, Erika; ORTEGA HERNANDEZ, ERIKA; 573045; Antunes Ricardo, Marilena; emijzarate, emipsanchez; Santos Zea, Liliana; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; Cisneros Zevallos, Luis Alberto; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel AlbertoIn the past years, abiotic stresses such as saline soaking and the exogenous application of phytohormones such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) have been studied as an effective tool to improve the accumulation of bioactive phytochemicals in fresh products. While the application of selenium (Se), sulfur (S), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been studied in mature crops of Brassicaceae family such as kale, information about their effects on carotenoid and phenolic compound content in sprouts is scarce. Moreover, bioactivity studies of kale extracts treated with Se, S, and MeJA have not been performed. Therefore, the present thesis evaluated, the effect of Se, S, and MeJA on the accumulation of glucosinolates, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in kale sprouts. On the other hand, the individual and combined effects of Se, S, and MeJA stress over the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in an in vitro model of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The present study was divided into three phases. In the first phase, the effects of Se, S, and MeJA on lutein, glucosinolate, and phenolic accumulation were assessed in kale sprouts. Red Russian and Dwarf Green kale were chamber-grown using different treatment concentrations of Se (10, 20, 40 mg/L), S (30, 60, 120 mg/L), and MeJA (25, 50, 100 µM). Sprouts were harvested every 24 h for 7 days to identify and quantify phytochemicals. The highest lutein accumulation occurred 7 days after S 120 mg/L (178%) and Se 40 mg/L (199%) treatments in Red Russian and Dwarf Green kale sprouts, respectively. MeJA treatment decreased the level of most phenolic levels, except for kaempferol and quercetin, where increases were higher than 70% for both varieties when treated with MeJA 25 µM. The most effective treatment for glucosinolate accumulation was S 120 mg/L in the Red Russian kale variety at 7 days of germination, increasing glucoraphanin (262.4%), glucoerucin (510.8%), 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin (430.7%), and glucoiberin (1150%). Results show that kales treated with Se, S, and MeJA could be used as a functional food for fresh consumption or as raw materials for different industrial applications. In the second phase of this study, it was assessed the individual and combined effects of Se, S, and MeJA on the content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates present in undigested extracts and intestinal-digested fractions of 7-day-old Red Russian kale sprouts. Also, the effect of undigested extract and digested kale on cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and nitric oxide (NOx) production was evaluated. Kale sprouts treated with Se showed higher levels of total glucosinolates (53.2%) and lutein (149.3%) in the ethanolic extract, whereas phenolic content remained without significant changes. After in vitro digestion, a significant liberation of lutein was observed in all samples of kale, mainly the Se-enriched fraction (210.3%). On the other hand, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates suffered significant losses. Abiotic stress did not cause a significant change in phenolic content compared to control sprouts; however, Se treatment significantly preserved the concentration of glucoraphanin (70.8%%), glucobrassicin (58.2%), 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin (41.6%) and total glucosinolate content (63.2%) in kale compared with control sprouts. In correlation, the maximum percentage of CAA and NOx was achieved in the undigested extract and intestinal digested fraction from kale sprouts treated with selenium. Due to the best results of phases 1 and 2 were obtained with Se (40 mg/L) and S (120 mg/L) treatments, they were selected for the third phase of this research. In this study, phytochemical extracts from 7-days-old Red Russian kale sprouts treated with Se and S were encapsulated with maltodextrin by spray-drying to evaluate its ability to protect phytochemicals from degradation during the digestion process. Particle morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and storage stability were characterized. Mouse macrophages (Raw 264.7) and human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were treated with the digested fraction to assess the cellular antioxidant capacity, the production of nitric oxide (NOx), and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10. Se (89.4%) and S (85.8%) kale sprouts showed the highest encapsulation efficiency and spherical morphology. Digestion affected the content of compounds in both encapsulated and non-encapsulated extracts. However, encapsulation promoted the control of oxidative processes during storage, and the kale extracts germinated with S and Se showed less degradation of lutein (35.6%, 28.2%), phenolic compounds (20.3%, 25.7%) and glucosinolates (15.4%, 18.9%) compared to non-encapsulated samples, respectively. The encapsulate treated with S exerted the highest antioxidant capacity (94.2%) and anti-inflammatory activity by stimulating IL-10 by 88.9% and inhibiting COX-2 and NO production by 84.1% and 92.2%, respectively. Therefore, kale sprouts with enhanced levels of phytochemicals could be used as feedstock to produce processed foods or undergo further processing for extraction and purification of high-value health-promoting biomolecules. Based on these results, general strategies to yield a high accumulation of specific phytochemicals are presented in this work. With this information, stressed kale with high concentrations of Se or S can be used as a plant model of high-value biomolecule for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
- Metabolomic approach study about goat cheese “Bouchon de chèvre” type after prolonged ripening(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-11-30) Vázquez García, Rosa del Carmen; VAZQUEZ GARCIA, ROSA DEL CARMEN; 422287; Martín del Campo Barba, Sandra Teresita; emipsanchez; Amaya Llano, Silvia Lorena; Montejano Gaitán, José Gerardo; López del Castillo Lozano, Micloth; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Cardador Martínez, María AnabertaBouchon de chévre cheese is a surface-mold cheese made from goat's milk with a cylindrical shape and which is generally marketed after 45 days of maturation. It is produced by using starter and yeast cultures such as Penicillium camemberti, Geotrichum candidum, and Kluyveromyces lactis. At an international level, metabolomic analyzes of cheeses have been widely used to determine the metabolites produced after cheese elaboration to determine the final conditions of the cheese taking into account its chemical conditions, a situation that has not been seen in cheeses made in our country. That is why the objective of this work was to carry out an analysis of all the metabolites produced in a cheese made in a tropical area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Bouchon de chèvre type cheeses were ripened for 90 days under controlled conditions. to evaluate the impact of ripening time over physicochemical and texture parameters. Changes in hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, chewiness, and gumminess were evaluated by texture profile analysis (TPA). Moisture was evaluated with official methods, whereas pH (center and rind) was measured directly. The lactic acid determination was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography. Proteolysis was measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. While the antioxidant activity was determined using a 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl solution. Lipolysis was analyzed using gas chromatography. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between all parameters except center pH. Correlation analysis exposed significant correlations between all texture parameters evaluated and lactic acid concentration. There was no significant correlation between moisture and other parameters. Analyzed cheeses showed peptides fraction in the retention time of 2.05, 18.36, and 50.11 min for acid-soluble fraction and non-protein protein nitrogen, and showed antioxidant activity from the first day of ripening to 73% discoloration in the DPPH solution at 55 ripening days. Obtained results suggested that ripened Mexican goat cheese had a DPPH radical scavenging activity related to peptides present originally in the milk or released by starter culture action during cheese ripening. The cheeses analyzed showed a few variations in lipid components during the entire ripening process. The ANOVA showed a total of 7 statistically significant compounds. PCA and GDA showed that petroselinic and vaccenic acid and the unidentified compound 31 are the ones that explain the behavior of the lipid fraction to a greater extent.
- Study of bioactive molecules of three cactaceae (Stenocereus pruinosus, Pachycereus weberi and Escontria Chiotilla) and their betalaina extraction in aqueous two-phase systems(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey) Sandate-Flores, Luisaldo; Parra Saldívar, Roberto; puelquio; Rostro Alanis, Magdalena De Jesus; Mayolo Deloisa, Karla Patricia; Camacho Corona, María del Rayo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Rodríguez Rodríguez, JoséMexico has a great diversity of cacti, however, many of their fruits have not been studied in greater depth. Several bioactive compounds available in cacti juices extract have demonstrated nutraceutical properties. Two little-studied cactus species are interesting for their biologically active pigments, which are chico fruit (Pachycereus weberi (J. M. Coult.) Backeb)) and jiotilla (Escontria chiotilla (Weber) Rose)). In the country, production of pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus) fruits has increased. These fruits have high concentration of betalains (pigments), and market has increased interest in food with natural ingredients. In the near future, sustainable methods for betalains quantification and extraction in cacti fruits for rural communities will be necessary. Betanin in pulp of chico fruit (Pachycereus weber), jiotilla (Escontria chiotilla) and pitaya (Stenocereus pruinosus) were quantified using three different analytical methods. The techniques were of Spectrophotometry UV-vis (SCC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and molar extinction coefficient (SEC). In this case SEC method represents the best option to reduce costs, time and solvents. In the three methods, coefficient of variation between measurements obtained are below 15%. Bioactive compounds and mineral content were evaluated in P. weberi and E. chiotilla. Then, clarified juices extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity (cancer cell lines) potentialities. Based on the obtained results, Chico fruit extract was found to be a good source of vitamin C (27.19 ± 1.95 mg L-Ascorbic acid/100 g fresh sample). From the cytotoxicity perspective against cancer cell lines, the clarified juices extracts of chico showed cytotoxicity (%cell viability) in CaCo-2 (49.7 ± 0.01%) and MCF-7 (45.56 ± 0.05%). While jiotilla extract had cytotoxicity against HepG2 (47.31 ± 0.03%) and PC-3 (53.65 ± 0.04%). In this study, low sugar betaxanthin and betacyanins preparations were obtained from clarified juices extracts from yellow pitaya and jiotilla using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). This work focuses on the effect of tie line length (TLL), phase volume ratio (Vr), and clarified juice extracts percentage on the partitioning of betaxanthins and sugars. In betaxanthins the correlation with Vr, clarified juices extracts, and TLL was determined by multiple linear regression. The desirability function was used to identify an ATPS (TLL = 37.7 %, Vr = 0.3, and 7 % crude extract) yielding a top phase with minimum total sugar (2.8 %) and maximum betaxanthin content (52.3%). These results demonstrated that Pitayas are excellent resources of betaxanthins.
